2008翻译专 升 本
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第一章 英译汉翻译技巧及练习
第一节 翻译技巧
一.词义的选择(即确定词义)
英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象. 一词多类是指一个词可能属于几个词类,因而具有几个不同的意义; 一词多义是指同一个词在同一词类中就可能有好几个不同的意义.这就要求在英汉翻译过程中注意分析并弄懂原文结构,选择并确定原文中的词汇意义.
(一)根据词类确定词义.
确定一个词的词义,首先要判断该词在句子中属什么词类,然后再确定其词义.例如下列句子中的like分别属于不同的词类,因此具有不同的意义.
1)I don’t like to ask my parents for money.
我不愿意向父母要钱.(动词)
2)The lake was like a bright blue mirror.
这湖像一面明亮的蓝色镜子.(介词)
3)Things which seem to be like may be different.
看来相同的东西实际上可能不同.(形容词)
4)Like attacts like.
物以类聚.(名词)
(二)根据上下文确定词义
英语中同一词,同属一个词类,但在不同上下文中有不同的意义.这就要求在翻译时要根据上下文来确定词义.例如:base这一名词在下列句中具有不同的意义.
1)We camped at the base of the mountain.
我们在山根下安营.
2)Our company’s base is in Boston, but we have branches all around the world.
我们公司的总部在波士顿,但我们在世界各地都有分公司.
3)This innovation was regards as a base for teaching and rearch.
这一革新被看做是教学与研究的基础.
4)Line AB is the base of the triangle A B C.
线段AB是三角形ABC的底边.
(三)根据搭配关系确定词义.
英语中有许多词,尤其是动词,可与其他词类构成固定搭配,从而产生新义.翻译时可根据词的这种搭配关系并确定词义.例如动词take原义为 “取”, “拿”等.但与其他词类搭配构成固定词组后便产生了新义.
1)Mary takes after her mother; she’s always cheerful.
玛丽像她妈妈,总是乐呵呵
2)We encouraged them to explore, take things apart and put them together.
我们鼓励他们探索,发明,把东西拆开再组装起来.
3)They took me on because I was a good .
他们雇用我是因为我是个优秀的数学家.
4)He took to wearing black leather jackets.
他养成了穿黑色夹克的习惯.
(四)根据词的语法特征确定词义.
有些名词的意义很活跃,用作单数或复数,用作可数或不可数,前面有没有定冠词时其意义大不相同.因此,我们可以根据名词的语法特征来确定其词义.
例如:
1)People say that the Chinese people are a great people.
人们说中国人民是一个伟大的民族.
2)The question became one of whether man could control the disease he had invented.
因此,问题就成了人类能否控制住他们自己创造出来的这种疾病.
专项练习一:
1. If you see any green in his eye, you are wrong.
2. He was up to his neck in debt.
3. Tom is the last man to come.
4. Tom is the last man to consult.
5. This is the last place where I expected to meet you.
6. Tom should be the last to blame.
7. Amy is ill, that accounts for her absence.
8. In this battle he accounted for five of the enemy.
9. I want you to account for every cent you spent.
10. If the stove isn’t made up, it will go out.
11. Half the roads in this area are still to be made up.
12. We have to drive fast to made up the hour we lost in Washington.
13. They made up a bed on the sofa for the unexpected visitor.
14. There isn’t any boy called Daniel. She’s just made him up.
15. Society is made up of people with widely differing abilities.
二.引申词义翻译法.
英语单词在不同的场合和搭配中,词义有时会差别很大.如果把某些英语单词按词典上的意义直译过来,就会使译文变得生硬晦涩,不能确切表达原义甚至可能引起误解.因此,在翻译时,要在理解原文的基础上,根据上下文和逻辑关系将词义加以引申,以确切表达原文的意义.
(一) 将词义作抽象化引申.
英语中常常用一个表示具体形象的词来表示一种属性,一个事物或一种概念.翻译时,一般可将其词义作抽象化的引申以使译文流畅,自然.例如:
Every life has its rose and thorns.(原义 “刺”) 每个人的生活都有甜有苦.
(二) 将词义作具体化引申.
英语中有时用代表抽象概念或属性的词表示一种具体事物,汉译时一般可将其词义作具体化的引申.
例如:
1)Human will can overpower natural force.人定胜天.
2)The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.我前头那辆车停住了,我错过了绿灯.
(三) 将词义作内涵化引申
英语中有些词译成汉语时不能套用词典中任何现成的意思.在这种情况下,可根据词的内涵意义,将词义加以引申.
例如:He stepped right in after them, like it or not, and h was determined that nothing as pretty as good manners should keep him from a chance of enlightenment. (原义 “启蒙,启发”)
他不管人家欢迎不欢迎,紧跟着他们走了进去.什么礼貌不礼貌,他顾不得这一套.他决心不错过这个机会,把心里的问题弄明白.(句中enlightenment内涵有 “把问题弄清楚”之意.)
专项练习二:
1. Without tools man is nothing, with tools he is all.
2. This kind of watch has been thrown out of the market.
3. Nancy was a fixture at Mets games in her school day.
4. There is a mixture of tiger and the ape in his character.
5. It is all very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one ( a tiger) in the driver’s seat is another matter together.
6. The sounds of other voices, however, caught his attention, and for a moment caused him to forget his purpose.
7. She felt that this moment of interview for her first job was a tremendous inch in her whole existence.
8. Don’t let your heart rule your head.
三. 词类转换法
在英译汉过程中,有些句子可以逐字对译,有些句子不可以逐字对译时,我们常常可以把英语中的某些词转译成汉语的其他词类.
(一) 转译为动词
英语句子中往往只有一个谓语动词,而汉语中动词则用得较多,因此英语中不少词类(尤其是名词,形容词,副词,在汉译时,往往可转译成动词.例如:
1.We know that the mastery of a foreign language is not easy .(我们知道,掌握一门外语不容易)(名→动)
2.Mr. Nixon had said repeatedly that the American war in Indo-china would soon be over.
尼克松先生屡次声言,美国在印度支那的战争即将结束. (副→动)
3.Carlisle street runs west word, across a great black bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meat markets, past single stored homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn.卡列斯尔大街往西伸展,越过一座黑色大桥,爬下山岗又爬了上去;经过许多小铺和肉市,又经过一些平房.然后突然冲着一大片绿色草地中止了. (副→动)
(二)转译为名词: 例如:
1. The volume of trade has increased greatly to the advantage of both countries.
贸易的剧增给两国带来了益处.(动→名)
2. The wounded were given first aid.伤员们得到了急救.(形→名)
3.They were considered insincere.(原义 “不真诚的” )他们被认为是伪君子.
(三)转译为形容词:例如:
1.He talked for some time with Daniel, and his questions reflected the enormity of his doubts.
他同丹尼尔谈了一会,他提出的问题反映出他有很大的怀疑.( 名→形)
2.Traditionally, there had always been good relations between them. ( 副→形)
他们之间一直有着传统的友好关系.
(四)转译为副词: 例如:
1.The delegate at the conference all expressed their determination to oppose this policy.( 名→副) 会上代表们一致表示坚决地反对这项政策.
2.At last, he whispered a hurried good-bye to his host and darted toward the door.最后,他匆匆地向主人轻声道别,急步走向门口.
专项练习三:
1.This project is of national importance.(名→形)
2.Daniel was eloquent and elegant but soft.(形→名)
3. Economically, the country is in a very healthy state.(副→名)
4.They tried their best to help the sick and the wounded.(形→名)
5. A well-dressed woman, who looked and talked like an English got into the train. (动→名)
6. A wedding ring symbolizes the union of husband and wife. (动→名)
7. An interest in people’s deepest feelings characterizes all her writing. (动→名)
8. I’m doubtful whether she will agree to this.(形→动)
9.All such gathering are subject to the laws on political meetings .(形→动)
10.His eyes were ringed in red, the evidence of tiredness and disappointment.(名→动)
11. “ I suppose boys think differently from girls,” he said.(副→形)
12. I have the honor to inform you that …..(名→副)
13. He made sincere apologies to his mother.(名→动)
14. It occurred to him that one cigarette would comfort him.(名→动)
15. Lions and tigers are very similar internally. (副→名)
四. 增译法
英汉两种语言,由于表达方式不尽相同,在用词上差别很大.有些词在一种语言中用得很多,甚至缺少不得;而在另外一种语言中却很少用,甚至不用.因此,在翻译中常常要依据修辞或句法的需要增加或减少一些词,使译文更加忠实,通顺地表达原文的思想内容.
<一> 语义增译. 例如:
1. There were no speeches, no foreign diplomat’s, no “ordinary Chinese” paper flags and banquets of flowers. (增译动词)
没有发表讲话,没有外交官到场,也没有“普遍中国人”挥舞纸旗
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2. He married her in spite of her looks.
尽管她的相貌丑,他还是同她结婚了.( 增译形容词)
3. After Mary had heard about the family trouble, she agreed to look for a job.(增译名词)
玛丽在了解了家庭的困难情况之后同意去找工作.
4.I was, and remain grateful for the part he played in my release.( 增译时间副词)
我的获释多亏他的帮助,对此我过去很感激,现在仍然很感激.
5.A stream was winding its way through the valley into the river.( 增译量词)
一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷,汇合到江里去了.
(二)结构增译: 例如
1.We don’t retreat, we never have and never will.(并列句增译)
我们不后退,我们从来没有后退过,将来也决不会后退.
2.Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.(状语从句增译)
从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好.
3.The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were their own mistress
. 仆人们愿意服侍她,就像他们愿意服侍他们的女主人一样.]
专项练习四:
1. It usually requires skill, discipline and hard work to run a successful company.
2. He favored the efforts to improve relations with all peace-loving countries.
3. This plan with all its disadvantages is considered to be one of the best.
4. It is believed the little boy was taken away by a stranger.
5. Either you do it, or we will get somebody who will.
6. Now birth control became a possibility.
7. They talked about inflation, employment and environmental pollution.
8. Thus he grew in body and soul.
9. Before he went to Africa, he learned how to ride and shoot.
10. She had her hands full this morning-washing, cooking and cleaning.
11. It is a tough job and nobody can help you.
12. She has many questions for her math teacher.
13. A new type of carsmall, cheap, fast-is attracting increasing attention.
14. Afraid of being put into prison, they escaped to forest.
15. The lion is a symbol of courage and the lamb of weakness.
五.省译法
省译法是指在翻译中删去一些可有可无的,或者有了反嫌累赘或违背译文语言习惯的词.省略部分主要是冠词,连词,代词(尤其是人称代词,关系代词,关系副词等等.
例如:
1. Laura wished now that she was not holding that piece of bread-and-butter, but there was nowhere to put it and she couldn’t possibly throw it away.
这时劳拉宁愿(……)手里没有这块涂上黄油的面包,拿着又没有地方放,(……)又不可能扔掉.
2. He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing.
他耸耸(…….)肩,摇摇(…….)头,(…….)两眼着天,一句话也不说.
专项练习五:
1. If you jump, so will I.
2. A library has a lot of books.
3. Jenny sat down, crossed her legs, and drew her skirt down over her knees.
4. It is unlikely that a nation would choose war if its goals could be met peacefully.
5. They pride themselves on their independence, their right to make up their own minds.
6. Smoking is prohibited in public places.
7. Most Americans have great vigor and enthusiasm.
8. Like his friend he had many wonderful ideas but he only put a few into practice.
9. It was a cold, dark day, the sky overcast.
10. It is only shallow people who judge by appearances.
11. When the board was spinning slowly you could see all the different colors.
12. A boy is always a boy.
13. Milk is sold by the pound.
14. I’ve received your email and read it with delight.
15. In my childhood I learned a great deal about Japan .
六.正说反译,反说正译
(一)正说反译
例1 Such a chance was denied me.
我没有得到这样一个机会.
例2 Slips are scarcely avoidable when you’re new to your work.
工作没有经验,出点差错,在所难免.
例3 That fellow is far from being honest.
那家伙很不老实.
例 4 It was beyond his power to sign such a contract.
他无权签定这种合同.
例 5 My guess is as good as yours.
我的猜测并不比你高明.
(二)反说正译
例1 He showed a strong dislike for his father’s business.
他对父亲的行业流露出强烈的厌恶情绪.
例2Students, with no exception, are to hand in their papers this afternoon.
今天下午学生统统要交书面作业.
例3 Such flights couldn’t long escape.
这类飞行迟早会被人们发觉的.
例 4 Hitler’s undisguised effort to persecute the Jews met with worldwide condemnation.
希特勒对犹太人露骨的迫害行为受到全世界的谴责.
例 5 The examination left no doubt that the patient had died of cancer.
调查结果清清楚楚说明病人死于癌症.
专项练习六:
1. I don’t marry you because you are rich.
2. This is not a big problem in producing such a robot even if we do not have already the glimmering of a solution.
3. I must say that he did the work very carelessly.
4. Don’t lose time in typing the letter.
5. I remember his face, but his name eludes me for the moment.
6. The little bridge is anything but safe.
7. She came into the room with no shoes on.
8. Do you know why she is always trying to avoid you ?
9. I have read your articles. I expected to meet an older man.
10. We believe that this young man will prove worthy of our trust .
11. “ if we lose our lives, then you’ll lose yours!” she said with a laugh.
12. I have failed to convince him of his error.
13. Her face had a strange, lost look.
14. As we expected, the enemy walked right into the trap.
15. Daniel was no end upset because he couldn’t go swimming.
七.被动语态译法
<一>顺序翻译
例1: Electricity can be most easily turned into other forms of energy.
电力最容易被转换成其他形式的能量.
例2: The question is going to be discussed soon.
这个问题很快就要讨论了.
<二>转换句子成分
例1: They suggested that the question be discussed immediately.
他们建议马上讨论这个问题.(主语→宾语)
例2: Care should be taken not to damage the instruments.
注意不要损坏仪器.( 主语并入谓语一起译)
<三>改变句子结构
例1: All objects are made to expand by heat.
热使所有的物体膨胀.(行为者作主语)
例2: Certain losses should be considered in estimating the efficiency of an engine.
估计一部发动机的效率时要考虑到某些损耗.(译成汉语无主句)
<四>科技英语中常用的被动结构.
1. be known as 被称为,叫做
be regarded as 被看成,被当做
be referred to as 被指为,被叫做
be described as 被描述成
be defined as 被定义为,定义是
2. It is said that 据说
It is pointed out that 有人指出
It is well known that 大家都知道,众所周知
It must be stressed that 必须着重指出
It has been proved that 已经证明
专项练习七:
1. His frequent absence from class must be dealt with immediately.
2. What we say here will not be long remembered.
3. The curtain has parted; the mystery is being disappeared.
4. It is hoped that you will be back after you complete your PhD in Germany.
5. It must be pointed out mistakes of this kind should not be repeated.
6. More than 1,500 civilians have been killed by NATO bombing so far.
7. To get all the stages of the rocket off the ground, a first big push is needed.
8. Hitler was also washed away by the storms of history.
9. Eventually, of course, the plan was abandoned.
10. I’m afraid I shall be laughed at.
11. After a while an agreement was arrived at.
12. The workers were seen repairing the machine.
13. The ship was destined for New York.
14. Rainbows are formed when sunlight passes through small drops of water in the sky.
15. Natural light or “ white” light is actually made up of many colors.
八.分译法,合译法
(一) 分译法
例1 ….she had such a kindly, tender, gentle, generous heart of her own,……
她心地厚道, 性格温柔可疼, 器量又大.
例2 Elizabeth was determined to take no effort for conversation with a woman, who was now more than usually insolent and disagreeable.
伊丽莎白不肯再和这样一个女人说话,这个女人现在异常无礼,令人十分反感.(定语从句译为另一分句)
例3 They noticed now that he took a different seat from which he usually occupied when he chose to attend diving worship.
他做礼拜的时候,常坐在固定的位置上,可是那天他们发现他不坐老位置了.(逆序分译法)
(二) 合译法
例1 His father had a small business in the city of Pisa. This city is in the north of Italy near the sea.
他的父亲在意大利北部近海的比萨开小铺.
例2 When I negotiate, I get nervous. When I get nervous, I eat.
我在谈判时总是有些紧张.紧张时我就吃点东西.
例3 The time was 10:30, and the traffic on the street was light.
10点30分的时候,街上来往的车辆稀少了.
专项练习八:
1. I tried vainly to put the pieces together.(分译)
2.There are some people who won’t leave home in the morning without an umbrella.(合译)
3.They were very anxious about their lack of fuel during the Kossoval war.(分译)
4.Most of the passengers waiting in the bus station are foreigners.(合译)
5.Isn’t that more fun for us to go hiking?(分译)
6.It is a consolation to know that the peace talk is going well.(合译)
7.His anger did not make him neglectful of his promise.(分译)
8.It is well said, in every sense, that a man’s religion is the chief fact with regard to him.(分译)
9.That you are coming to Chengdu is the best news I have heard this long time.(合译)
10.They talk in their dialect that is almost impossible to understand.(分译)
11.There are many women who think that staying at home all day long with her children is unbearably boring.(合译)
12.She was pardonably proud of her wonderful cooking.(分译)
13. Nevertheless the problem was solved successfully, which showed that the computations were accurate.(分译)
14.He wished he were at home. Ordinarily, he would have been there three hours ago.(分译)
15.Illogically, she had expected some kind of miracle solution.(分译)
九.定语从句译法
1. 定语从句可译成前置语
例1 I am deeply touched by the warm and friendly words the president has just addressed to me.
刚才主席对我所说的热情友好的话使我深受感动.
例2 I told the news to Daniel, who told it to his friend Harry, and soon the news spread all over the campus.
我把消息告诉了丹尼尔,他又告诉了他的朋友哈利,消息很快在校园里传开了.
例3 There was a law in the city of Athens which gave to its citizens the power of compelling their daughters to marry whomever they pleased.
从前雅典有一条法律,法律规定该市市民高兴把自己的女儿嫁给谁,就有权强迫她嫁给谁.
例4 He liked his sister, who was warm and pleasant, but he did not like his brother, who was proud and arrogant.
他喜欢热情开朗的妹妹,而不喜欢冷漠高傲的哥哥.
2.有的定语从句,从意义上看相当于一个状语从句,表示原因、目的、结果、让步等关系,这样的定语从句应译成汉语的偏正复句.
例1 The ambassador was giving a dinner for a few people whom he wished especially to talk to or to hear from.
大使只宴请了几个人,因为他特地想和这些人谈谈,听听他们的意见.(表原因关系)
例2 There was something original, independent , and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.
这个方案富于创造性,独出心裁,很有魅力,所以他们都很喜欢.(表结果关系)
例3 My assistant, who had carefully read through the instructions before doing his experiment, could not obtain satisfactory results, because he followed them mechanically.
虽然我的助手在做试验之前从头到尾仔细阅读过说明书,但由于他死搬硬套,所以不能得到满意的结果.(表让步关系)
例4 The emperor maintained powerful armies and navies which were used for oppressing and exploiting the people.
皇帝维持了强大的陆军和海军,用以压迫和剥削人民.(表目的关系)
例5 My uncle, who will be seventy tomorrow, is still a keen sportsman.
尽管我大伯明天就满70岁了,但他仍然热衷于户外运动.(表让步关系)
专项练习九:
1. This is the soldier who just returned from the front.
2. I knew that John would tell his mother, who would probably tell Mary.
3. There are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity.
4. But he did not talk at length about the matter, which was not considered by the White House to be a particularly important question.
5. Those who are in favor please hold up their hands.
6. He wishes to write an article that will attract public attention to the matter.
7. He lived his life apart from the workers on whose skill he depended.
8. He did not remember his father who died when he was three years old.
9. He gave me a fountain pen, which I kept to this day.
10. There has never been a man around me who wrote so many memos.
11. He made the sound of sympathy which comes so readily from those who have an independent income.
12. Last night I saw a very good film, which was about the French revolution.
13. But listen, I met a man, who said you could hire.
14. He insisted on buying another coat, which he had no use for .
15. Oxygen is a gas which unites with many substances.
十状语从句译法
1. 时间状语从句
例1. Please turn off the light when you leave the room.
离开房间时请关灯.
例2. He had hardly rushed into the room when he shouted, “ Fire ! Fire!”
他刚跑进屋里就大声喊: “ 着火了! 着火了!”
例3.They set him free when his money had not yet been paid.
他还没有交钱,他们就把他释放了.
2. 原因状语从句
例1.The crops failed because the season was dry.
由于气候干旱,农作物歉收.
例2.Because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he struck to his opinion.
他深信这件事正确可靠,因此坚持已见.
例3. Daniel was not only surprised but, to start with, extremely suspicious, as he had every reason to be.
丹尼尔不但惊讶而且首先持怀疑态度,他这样认为是完全有理由的.
3. 目的状语从句
例1.He pushed open the door gently and stole out of the room for fear that he should awake her.
为了不惊醒她,他轻轻推开房门,悄悄地溜了出去.
例2.Victor complained aloud, “ You came from Kansas City in two weeks so that I could give you a job?”
维克多大声抱怨道: “ 你从堪萨斯城走了两个星期到这里,就是要我给你个工作吗?”
例3.The murderer ran away as fast as he could, so that he might not be caught red-handed.
凶手尽可能快地跑开,以免被人当场抓住.
4. 条件状语从句
例1. You can drive tonight if you are ready.
你今晚就可以出车,如果你愿意的话.
例2.We’ll let you use the room on condition that you will keep it clean and tidy.
如果你们能保持房间整洁的话,我们可以让你们用.
例3. In case I forget, please remind me about it.
万一我忘了,请提醒我一下.
5. 让步状语从句
例1. While this is true of some, it is not true of all.
虽有一部分是如此,但不见得全部都如此.
例2. Even if he did throw off the police off his trail, she’ll go and give him away.
即使警察刚才没追上他,她也会去报告的.
例3. I replied I hadn’t, although I had seen motion pictures of such happening.
我回答说没有,虽然我在电影上看到过.
专项练习十:
1. He slammed the door so that his mother would know he was home.
2. Peter gladly accepted his offer, because he needed a lot of time for his studi>>>QQ470681378